Solar panels (photovoltaics, or PV) convert sunlight into electricity. PV cells generate a direct current (DC), which is then converted by an inverter into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use.

Yes. Even on overcast days, solar panels can generate electricity using diffuse light. In the UK, solar power has even reached over 20% of electricity generation during peak times, showing they perform well in varied weather. Efficiency only drops slightly in higher temperatures.

Generally no. Most installations are considered “permitted development” and don't require planning permission. Exceptions apply to listed buildings, conservation areas, national parks, or if panels protrude beyond allowed limits. You may also need building regulations approval for structural safety.

• A typical household installs around ten panels, achieving 30–50% of annual usage without a battery; with a battery, that may rise to up to 80%.

• An average 4 kW system (≈8–10 panels) may generate around 4,000 kWh annually under optimal conditions.

Yes. Under the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG), energy suppliers must pay you for excess electricity exported to the grid, which is tracked via a smart meter.

Yes — but they are time-limited and based on eligibility:

• The ECO4 scheme (running until March 2026) may cover part or all of your solar installation if your home needs energy-efficiency upgrades (typically EPC rating D–G), and either your household income is under around £31,000 or someone in receipt of qualifying benefits. However, being eligible doesn’t guarantee funding, as energy suppliers prioritize who receives support.

• The 0% VAT rate applies to solar panels and batteries on residential installations until 31 March 2027 (starting May 2023 in Northern Ireland), after which the rate will rise to 5%.

• Other local schemes — like LA Flex referrals or Warm Homes Plans — could also provide support, depending on where you live, but availability and criteria vary.

• All incentives are subject to change, and eligibility must be confirmed, usually through an assessment or referral process.

• Installation often takes 1–2 days (panels, inverter, internal wiring). Scaffolding may need to be erected for 1–2 weeks.

• Getting an install date depends on completing the DNO application, having a smart meter, and isolator installed. Scaffolding is usually set up a few days before and removed after installation.

Minimal maintenance. Panels usually self-clean if pitched over 15°, but an annual rinse or visual inspection is recommended. It's wise to have a professional check for damage and performance every two years.

Most panels come with a 25-year warranty, but they can continue generating beyond this period, with only a gradual efficiency decline.

Yes. They can increase property value by around 6–16%, depending on location and installation quality, while also reducing energy costs significantly.